![]() S1), represents a potential site to fill this gap. The Zoige Basin, occupied by a huge lake until the latest Pleistocene ( 3) and located on the eastern Tibetan Plateau within the South Asian monsoon zone (fig. To understand the mode and tempo of changes and, ultimately, the underlying drivers during this period, we need long-term high-resolution records from the elevated plateau with well-constrained chronologies. However, with only few available paleoarchives of coarse resolution ( 2, 3), little is known about its environmental history through the Quaternary ice ages. The Tibetan Plateau has long been a focus of geoscientific studies because of its importance in global tectonics and Asian and global climate change across a wide range of time scales ( 1). These new findings reveal how the interaction of low-latitude insolation and high-latitude ice-volume forcing shaped the evolution of the Tibetan Plateau climate. A pronounced transition occurred 620,000 years ago, as glacial cycles intensified. The past 620,000 years are characterized by an ice-driven mode with 100,000-year cyclicity and less frequent millennial-scale variability. The interval of 1.54–0.62 million years ago represents a transitional insolation-ice mode marked by ~20,000- and ~40,000-year cycles, with superimposed millennial-scale oscillations. The interval of 1.74–1.54 million years ago is characterized by an insolation-dominated mode with strong ~20,000-year cyclicity and quasi-absent millennial-scale signal. Results show three intervals with different orbital- and millennial-scale features superimposed on a stepwise long-term cooling trend. We present a detailed record of vegetation and climate changes over the past 1.74 million years in a lake sediment core from the Zoige Basin, eastern Tibetan Plateau. The Tibetan Plateau exerts a major influence on Asian climate, but its long-term environmental history remains largely unknown. The interval of 1.54-0.62 million years ago represents a transitional insolation-ice mode marked by ~20,000- and ~40,000-year cycles, with superimposed millennial-scale oscillations. The interval of 1.74-1.54 million years ago is characterized by an insolation-dominated mode with strong ~20,000-year cyclicity and quasi-absent millennial-scale signal.
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